Dholavira is an archaeological site of an ancient Indus Valley Civilization (also known as the Harappan Civilization) city located in the Rann of Kachchh area of Gujarat, India. It is one of the five largest Harappan sites and is known for its well-preserved urban planning, advanced water conservation systems, and distinctive architecture. Dholavira provides valuable insights into the sophisticated urban life of the Harappan people.

Key features and facts about Dholavira:

1. Time Period:
   • Dholavira thrived during the Mature Harappan period, roughly around 2650–2100 BCE. This period represents the peak of the Indus Valley Civilization.
2. Discovery:
   • Dholavira was discovered in 1967 by J.P. Joshi, an archaeologist from the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
3. Location:
   • Situated on the Khadir island of the Rann of Kachchh in Gujarat, Dholavira was strategically located near the ancient course of the Indus River.
4. City Planning:
   • Dholavira exhibits a well-planned layout with three distinct divisions: the citadel, a middle town, and a lower town. The city is enclosed by a large fortification wall.
5. Water Conservation:
   • One of the most remarkable features of Dholavira is its sophisticated water conservation system. The city had a series of large reservoirs, channels, and check dams to efficiently manage and store water.
6. Large Reservoirs:
   • The site includes several large reservoirs, the most prominent being the “Great Bath,” similar to the one found at Mohenjo-Daro. These structures played a crucial role in water storage and management.
7. Intricate Drainage System:
   • Dholavira had an advanced underground drainage system with channels and manholes, highlighting the city’s commitment to sanitation and urban planning.
8. Unique Signboards:
   • Dholavira is notable for the discovery of ten large inscriptions or signboards containing Harappan script. While the script remains undeciphered, these inscriptions are unique to Dholavira.
9. Trade and Craftsmanship:
   • Artifacts found at Dholavira suggest a thriving trade network with other Harappan cities and regions. Evidence of craft activities, including pottery and bead-making, has also been uncovered.
10. Economic Activities:
    • The economy of Dholavira was likely based on agriculture, trade, and craftsmanship. The city’s location near the sea and its well-connected trade routes contributed to its economic prosperity.
11. Decline:
    • Like other major Indus Valley Civilization sites, the reasons for the decline of Dholavira are not definitively known. Environmental changes, shifts in river courses, or socio-economic factors may have played a role.
12. Excavations and Preservation:
    • The ASI has conducted extensive excavations at Dholavira, revealing its complex urban infrastructure. Conservation efforts have been made to preserve the site and its unique features.
13. World Heritage Site:
    • Dholavira was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2021, recognizing its outstanding archaeological value and contribution to the understanding of the Harappan Civilization.

Dholavira stands as a testament to the advanced urban planning, engineering, and social organization of the Indus Valley Civilization. The site’s well-preserved structures and unique features make it a significant archaeological treasure in South Asia.