Category: Social Sciences
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom (UK) is a country with a rich history, diverse culture, and significant global influence. Here are some key highlights about the UK: Geography Composition: The UK consists of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Capital: The capital city is London, which is also the largest city in the UK. Landscape:…
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England
England, the largest country in the United Kingdom, is a land of rich history, diverse culture, and stunning landscapes. Here are some key highlights about England: Major Cities London: The capital city, known for its iconic landmarks like Big Ben, the Tower of London, Buckingham Palace, and the British Museum. It’s a global financial and…
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North East England
North East England is a region rich in history, culture, and natural beauty. Here are some key highlights about North East England: Geography Counties: The region comprises the counties of Northumberland, Tyne and Wear, County Durham, and the Tees Valley. Landscape: The area features diverse landscapes, including rugged coastlines, picturesque villages, rolling hills, and expansive…
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Northumberland
Northumberland is a county in North East England known for its stunning natural beauty, rich history, and cultural heritage. Here are some highlights about Northumberland: Geography Location: Northumberland borders Scotland to the north, Cumbria to the west, County Durham and Tyne and Wear to the south, and the North Sea to the east. Landscape: The…
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Alnwick
Alnwick is a charming market town in Northumberland, England. Here are some highlights about Alnwick: Location and Population Coordinates: 55.4134°N, 1.7069°W Population: Approximately 8,116 as of the 2011 census Distance: About 32 miles (51 km) south of Berwick-upon-Tweed and the Scottish border, and 34 miles (55 km) north of Newcastle upon Tyne Historical Significance History:…
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France
France, often referred to as “L’Hexagone” due to its hexagonal shape, is a country rich in history, culture, and natural beauty. Here are some key highlights about France: Major Cities Paris: The capital city, known as the “City of Light,” is famous for its art, fashion, and landmarks like the Eiffel Tower, Louvre Museum, and…
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Observational learning (social learning)
Observational learning, also known as social learning or modeling, is a type of learning that occurs through observing and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and outcomes of others. Proposed by psychologist Albert Bandura as part of his social learning theory, observational learning emphasizes the importance of social influences in shaping behavior and cognition. Key concepts of…
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Motivation crowding theory
Motivation crowding theory, also known as the crowding-out effect or the overjustification effect, is a psychological theory that suggests external incentives such as rewards or punishments can undermine intrinsic motivation. Proposed by psychologists Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, motivation crowding theory posits that when individuals are offered external rewards for engaging in activities they intrinsically…
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Elaboration likelihood model
The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) is a dual-process theory of persuasion developed by Richard E. Petty and John T. Cacioppo in the 1980s. It proposes that there are two distinct routes through which persuasive messages can lead to attitude change: the central route and the peripheral route. The route individuals take depends on their level…
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Drive theory
Drive theory, also known as the drive-reduction theory, is a psychological theory proposed by Clark Hull in the 1940s. It suggests that biological needs create internal states of tension or arousal called drives, which motivate individuals to engage in behaviors that will reduce or satisfy these needs and restore homeostasis or equilibrium. Key concepts of…