Cisplatin, with the chemical formula cis–platinum(II) chloride diamine, is an inorganic chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of various types of cancers. It is a coordination complex consisting of a platinum (Pt) atom bonded to two chloride (Cl) ions and two amine (NH3) groups in a cis configuration.

Preparation of Cisplatin: Cisplatin is typically prepared through a reaction involving the aquation of cis-diammine dichloroplatinum(II) or cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2]. The chloride ligands are replaced by water molecules to form cis-[Pt(NH3)2(H2O)2]2+, which is the active form of cisplatin.

Mechanism of Action: Cisplatin is an alkylating agent, meaning it interferes with the DNA of rapidly dividing cancer cells. It forms covalent cross-links with the DNA strands, leading to the formation of intrastrand and interstrand DNA adducts. These adducts inhibit DNA replication and transcription, triggering apoptosis (cell death) in the cancer cells.

Medical Uses: Cisplatin is commonly used in the treatment of various cancers, including:

1. Testicular Cancer: It is highly effective in treating testicular cancer and has significantly improved survival rates for this type of cancer.
2. Ovarian Cancer: Cisplatin is used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
3. Bladder Cancer: It can be used to treat advanced or metastatic bladder cancer.
4. Lung Cancer: Cisplatin is part of the chemotherapy regimen used for certain types of lung cancer.

Administration: Cisplatin is administered intravenously by a healthcare professional. The dosage and treatment schedule depend on the specific type of cancer being treated and the patient’s individual condition.

Side Effects: Like most chemotherapy drugs, cisplatin can cause various side effects due to its action on rapidly dividing cells in the body, including cancer cells and normal healthy cells. Some common side effects include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and myelosuppression (reduced production of blood cells). It may also cause kidney toxicity and nerve damage.

Research and Developments: Research continues to explore new ways to improve the efficacy and reduce the side effects of cisplatin. Various platinum-based drugs, such as carboplatin and oxaliplatin, have been developed to address different types of cancers and reduce certain side effects associated with cisplatin.

Cisplatin is an essential drug in cancer treatment and has saved countless lives since its discovery in the 1960s. However, its use requires careful monitoring and management by healthcare professionals to balance the benefits and potential side effects for each patient.