Critical realism is a philosophical framework that seeks to provide a deeper understanding of reality by acknowledging the existence of underlying structures and mechanisms that shape observable phenomena. It emphasizes the importance of both empirical observation and theoretical explanation in understanding the world, and it aims to bridge the gap between scientific knowledge and social reality.

Key aspects of critical realism include:

1. Ontological Realism: Critical realism asserts that reality exists independently of our perceptions and observations, and it posits that there are underlying structures and mechanisms that produce the observable phenomena we experience. It rejects both extreme forms of realism that claim we can know reality directly and extreme forms of relativism that deny the existence of an objective reality.
2. Epistemological Pluralism: Critical realism advocates for epistemological pluralism, recognizing that different methods and approaches are needed to understand different aspects of reality. It acknowledges the importance of empirical observation and scientific experimentation for uncovering empirical regularities and patterns, but it also emphasizes the need for theoretical reasoning and conceptual analysis to interpret and explain these phenomena.
3. Stratified Reality: Critical realism conceptualizes reality as stratified into different levels or layers, each characterized by different kinds of entities, structures, and mechanisms. It distinguishes between the empirical realm of observable phenomena, the actual realm of underlying structures and mechanisms, and the real or transcendent realm of underlying causal powers and tendencies.
4. Emergence and Transformation: Critical realism acknowledges the dynamic and emergent nature of social reality, recognizing that new phenomena and properties can emerge from the interactions of underlying structures and mechanisms. It emphasizes the importance of understanding how social systems and structures evolve over time, how they are shaped by historical contingencies and social processes, and how they can undergo transformation and change.
5. Critical Social Inquiry: Critical realism provides a basis for critical social inquiry that aims to uncover the underlying causes and mechanisms of social phenomena, challenge dominant ideologies and power structures, and promote social justice and emancipation. It encourages reflexivity and self-critique in social research, recognizing the potential biases and limitations of both empirical observation and theoretical explanation.
6. Integration of Theory and Practice: Critical realism emphasizes the importance of integrating theory and practice in social research and action. It seeks to bridge the gap between academic scholarship and practical interventions by providing theoretical frameworks and conceptual tools that can inform policy-making, social activism, and transformative change.

Overall, critical realism offers a comprehensive and nuanced approach to understanding social reality, combining elements of realism, empiricism, and critical theory. It provides a foundation for interdisciplinary collaboration and dialogue among scholars, practitioners, and activists to address complex social issues and promote a deeper understanding of the world in which we live.