Figurational sociology, also known as process sociology or the figurational approach, is a theoretical perspective developed by sociologist Norbert Elias in the mid-20th century. Figurational sociology examines social processes and patterns of interaction over time, emphasizing the interconnectedness of individuals and social groups within larger social configurations or “figurations.”

Key aspects of figurational sociology include:

1. Figurations: Figurational sociology conceptualizes social life as a series of interconnected networks or figurations, comprising individuals, groups, institutions, and wider social structures. These figurations are dynamic and constantly changing, as individuals form and dissolve relationships, and social structures evolve over time. Figurational sociology examines the interdependencies and power relations within and between different figurations, emphasizing the ways in which individuals and groups are mutually constitutive.
2. Long-Term Processes: Figurational sociology focuses on long-term processes of social change and development, tracing the historical trajectories of social figurations over time. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the historical context and structural constraints that shape individual actions and collective outcomes. Figurational sociology adopts a diachronic perspective, examining how social patterns and institutions emerge, persist, and transform over extended periods.
3. Civilizing Process: One of the central concepts in figurational sociology is the “civilizing process,” as elaborated by Norbert Elias in his influential work of the same name. Elias argues that modern societies have undergone a gradual process of civilization, characterized by increasing levels of self-restraint, social differentiation, and individual autonomy. He traces the historical development of manners, etiquette, and self-discipline as mechanisms for regulating social behavior and controlling impulses.
4. Power and Conflict: Figurational sociology analyzes power relations and social conflicts within and between different figurations, emphasizing the role of power in shaping social interactions and outcomes. It examines how power is exercised and contested within social networks, institutions, and broader societal structures. Figurational sociology explores the ways in which individuals and groups negotiate their interests and compete for resources within shifting power configurations.
5. Methodological Pluralism: Figurational sociology employs a range of qualitative and quantitative methods to study social figurations and processes. Researchers may use historical analysis, ethnography, network analysis, and archival research to trace the dynamics of social change and development over time. Figurational sociology values methodological pluralism and interdisciplinary collaboration, drawing on insights from history, anthropology, psychology, and other disciplines.
6. Applications: Figurational sociology has applications across various fields, including sociology, history, cultural studies, and political science. It provides a framework for understanding the dynamics of social change, power relations, and collective action in different historical and cultural contexts. Figurational sociology has been applied to diverse topics, such as state formation, globalization, social movements, and the sociology of sport.

Overall, figurational sociology offers a comprehensive and dynamic approach to understanding social life, emphasizing the interconnectedness of individuals and groups within larger social configurations. It provides valuable insights into the long-term processes of social change, power dynamics, and collective behavior, contributing to a deeper understanding of the complexities of human societies.