Mohenjo-Daro is an ancient archaeological site located in the Sindh province of present-day Pakistan. It was one of the major cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, which existed around 3300–1300 BCE. Mohenjo-Daro, along with Harappa, represents one of the largest and most advanced urban centers of the ancient world.

Here are key features and aspects of Mohenjo-Daro:

1. Urban Planning:
   • Mohenjo-Daro is renowned for its advanced urban planning, featuring well-organized streets and a grid-like layout. The city was divided into various sectors, and the streets were laid out in a precise pattern.
2. Brick Construction:
   • The buildings in Mohenjo-Daro were constructed with standardized bricks made of baked mud. The use of standardized bricks suggests a sophisticated level of urban planning and construction techniques.
3. Great Bath:
   • One of the most iconic structures in Mohenjo-Daro is the Great Bath, a large public bathing area. The Great Bath is made of finely crafted bricks and features a complex drainage system, indicating a focus on hygiene and communal activities.
4. Citadel and Lower Town:
   • The city was divided into two main areas: the Citadel, which likely served as a religious and administrative center, and the Lower Town, where most of the population resided.
5. Houses and Buildings:
   • Residential structures in Mohenjo-Daro were typically two stories high and had multiple rooms. Many houses featured a central courtyard. The use of private wells and indoor bathrooms with drainage systems suggests a high level of urban sophistication.
6. Complex Water Management:
   • Mohenjo-Daro had an intricate water supply and drainage system. Houses were equipped with private wells, and a network of covered drains ran beneath the streets, providing a means of waste disposal.
7. Writing System:
   • The Harappan Civilization is associated with a script that has not yet been fully deciphered. Signs of this script have been found on seals, pottery, and other artifacts in Mohenjo-Daro.
8. Trade and Economy:
   • Mohenjo-Daro was likely a hub for trade, with evidence of contacts with other regions, including Mesopotamia. Artifacts such as seals suggest a complex economic system and the existence of a ruling class.
9. Decline and Abandonment:
   • The reasons for the decline and abandonment of Mohenjo-Daro and other Harappan cities are not fully understood. Various theories propose factors such as environmental changes, river shifts, and socio-economic issues.
10. Archaeological Excavations:
    • Mohenjo-Daro was rediscovered in the 1920s by British archaeologist Sir John Marshall. Subsequent excavations by various archaeologists have provided valuable insights into the life and culture of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization.
11. UNESCO World Heritage Site:
    • Mohenjo-Daro is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in recognition of its cultural significance and contribution to human history.

Mohenjo-Daro stands as a remarkable testament to the achievements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, showcasing advanced urban planning, sophisticated architecture, and a complex social and economic system. Despite the mysteries surrounding its decline, the site remains an important archaeological and historical landmark.