The social construction of technology (SCOT) is a theoretical framework within the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS) that emphasizes the social, cultural, and political factors that shape the development, adoption, and use of technology. SCOT challenges the notion that technology is solely determined by its technical features or inherent functionality, instead highlighting how it is constructed and interpreted within specific social contexts.

Key principles of the social construction of technology include:

1. Interpretive Flexibility: SCOT argues that technologies are open to multiple interpretations and uses, rather than having fixed meanings or purposes. Different groups and individuals may perceive and use a technology in diverse ways, influenced by their social, cultural, and historical contexts. For example, the same technology, such as a smartphone, may be viewed as a tool for productivity, communication, entertainment, or surveillance, depending on the perspective of users and stakeholders.
2. Relevant Social Groups: SCOT emphasizes the importance of identifying and analyzing the relevant social groups involved in shaping the development and use of technology. These groups may include designers, engineers, users, policymakers, activists, industry stakeholders, and cultural intermediaries. Each group brings its own interests, values, and perspectives to bear on the design, implementation, and interpretation of technology.
3. Technological Determinism vs. Social Shaping: SCOT challenges technological determinism, the idea that technology drives social change in a linear and deterministic manner. Instead, it argues for a perspective of social shaping, which recognizes that social factors play a central role in shaping technological innovation, adoption, and impact. This includes considerations of power dynamics, cultural norms, economic interests, and institutional contexts that influence technological development and use.
4. Co-Construction of Technology and Society: SCOT views technology and society as co-constitutive, meaning that they shape and influence each other in complex ways. Technologies are not simply invented and then adopted by society; rather, they emerge through ongoing processes of negotiation, adaptation, and contestation between various social actors and groups. As a result, the design, implementation, and effects of technology are deeply intertwined with social dynamics and relationships.

Overall, the social construction of technology provides a rich theoretical framework for understanding the complex and dynamic relationships between technology and society. It encourages researchers to critically analyze the social processes and power dynamics that shape technological development and use, and to consider the diverse perspectives and interests of stakeholders involved in shaping the future of technology.