Category: Science
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ALGOL
ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) is a family of imperative programming languages that was developed in the late 1950s and 1960s. ALGOL played a key role in the evolution of programming languages and contributed to the development of modern programming language concepts. Several versions of ALGOL were created, each building upon the previous ones. Here are some…
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FORTRAN
FORTRAN (short for Formula Translation) is one of the oldest and most influential high-level programming languages. It was developed by IBM in the 1950s for scientific and engineering calculations. Here are key features and aspects of FORTRAN: History: FORTRAN was first developed by IBM in the mid-1950s, led by John Backus and a team of…
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PL/I
PL/I (Programming Language One) is a programming language designed for scientific, engineering, business, and systems programming applications. It was created by IBM in the early 1960s as a general-purpose programming language that could serve a wide range of applications. Here are some key features and aspects of PL/I: History: PL/I was developed by a team…
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Leonid Levin
Leonid Anatolievich Levin is a Russian-American mathematician and theoretical computer scientist known for his contributions to complexity theory, algorithmic randomness, and cryptography. Here are key aspects of Leonid Levin’s life and work: Early Life and Education: Leonid Levin was born on March 11, 1948, in Kharkiv, Ukrainian SSR (now Ukraine). He studied at the Moscow…
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Stephen Cook
Stephen Arthur Cook is a Canadian computer scientist who is renowned for his significant contributions to the field of theoretical computer science. Born on December 14, 1939, in Buffalo, New York, Cook has played a pivotal role in shaping the understanding of computational complexity, algorithms, and the foundations of computing. Here are key aspects of…
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NP-completeness theory
NP-completeness theory is a branch of computational complexity theory that deals with a certain class of decision problems called NP-complete problems. These problems have the property that if there exists a polynomial-time algorithm to solve any one of them, then there exists a polynomial-time algorithm to solve all problems in the complexity class NP (nondeterministic…
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Computational Complexity Theory
Computational Complexity Theory is a branch of theoretical computer science that studies the inherent difficulty of solving computational problems. It aims to classify problems based on their computational complexity and understand the resources, such as time and space, required to solve them. Here are key concepts and aspects of computational complexity theory: Computational Problems: Computational…
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ENIAC
ENIAC, which stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, was one of the earliest electronic general-purpose computers. It was designed and built during World War II by engineers John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania. Here are key details about ENIAC: Development and Construction: ENIAC’s construction began in 1943 and…
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Atanasoff-Berry Computer
The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) was one of the earliest electronic digital computers, designed and built by physicist John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State College (now Iowa State University) between 1937 and 1942. Here are key details about the Atanasoff-Berry Computer: Invention and Purpose: John Atanasoff conceived the idea of the ABC…
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Z3 computer
The Z3 computer was the world’s first programmable digital computer and was designed by the German engineer Konrad Zuse. Here are key details about the Z3 computer: Development and Construction: Konrad Zuse began work on the Z3 in 1935, and the construction was completed in 1941. The Z3 was built in Germany during a time…