Structuralism is a theoretical framework and approach that emerged in various disciplines, including sociology, anthropology, linguistics, psychology, and literary theory, particularly in the mid-20th century. It focuses on analyzing the underlying structures and systems that shape human experience, behavior, and meaning-making. Key aspects of structuralism include: Focus on Structures: Structuralism emphasizes the importance of underlying…

Subtle realism is a philosophical position that seeks to bridge the gap between extreme forms of realism and anti-realism by acknowledging the existence of an external reality while recognizing the limitations of human perception and representation in accessing and understanding it fully. It emphasizes the nuanced and complex nature of reality and advocates for a…

Relational sociology is a theoretical approach within sociology that focuses on understanding social phenomena in terms of relational processes and dynamics rather than individual attributes or structures. It emphasizes the importance of social relationships, interactions, and networks in shaping human behavior and social outcomes. Key aspects of relational sociology include: Emphasis on Relationships: Relational sociology…

Critical realism is a philosophical framework that seeks to provide a deeper understanding of reality by acknowledging the existence of underlying structures and mechanisms that shape observable phenomena. It emphasizes the importance of both empirical observation and theoretical explanation in understanding the world, and it aims to bridge the gap between scientific knowledge and social…

Rational choice theory is a framework for understanding social and economic behavior based on the assumption that individuals make decisions by weighing the costs and benefits of different options and choosing the one that maximizes their utility or satisfaction. It is a key concept in various social sciences, including economics, sociology, political science, and psychology.…

Logical positivism, also known as logical empiricism, is a philosophical movement that emerged in the early 20th century, primarily in Vienna and Berlin, and later influenced the development of various disciplines, including sociology. It is characterized by its emphasis on the use of logical analysis and empirical verification as the primary methods for determining the…

Computational sociology is a subfield of sociology that utilizes computational methods, simulation techniques, and large-scale data analysis to study social phenomena. It employs computer-based models and simulations to explore complex social systems, understand social dynamics, and test theoretical hypotheses. Key aspects of computational sociology include: Agent-Based Modeling: Computational sociology often employs agent-based modeling (ABM) to…

Analytical sociology is a theoretical and methodological approach within sociology that emphasizes the use of formal models, mathematical techniques, and computational methods to analyze social phenomena. It aims to uncover the underlying mechanisms and processes that generate patterns of social behavior and interaction. Key aspects of analytical sociology include: Formal Modeling: Analytical sociology employs formal…

Positivism, particularly within the context of empirical sociology, is a philosophical and methodological approach that emphasizes the use of scientific methods and empirical evidence to study social phenomena. It originated in the 19th century and was championed by Auguste Comte, who is often considered the founder of sociology. Key aspects of positivism in empirical sociology…

World-systems theory is a perspective in sociology and other social sciences that views the world as a complex system of interconnected and interdependent economic, political, and cultural relationships. Developed by sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein in the 1970s, world-systems theory seeks to explain patterns of global inequality, development, and change by examining the historical evolution and structure…