Ammonium hydroxide, with the chemical formula NH4OH, is a solution of ammonia gas (NH3) dissolved in water. It is also commonly referred to as ammonia solution or aqua ammonia. The concentration of ammonium hydroxide can vary, typically ranging from around 5% to 30% ammonia by weight, depending on its intended use.

Ammonium hydroxide has several key properties and uses, including:

1. Cleaning Agent: It is widely used as a cleaning agent in household cleaning products and industrial settings. The ammonia solution’s alkaline nature makes it effective in removing grease, grime, and stains from various surfaces.
2. pH Regulator: Ammonium hydroxide is often used as a pH regulator in various industrial processes and chemical reactions. It can be added to solutions to adjust their acidity or alkalinity.
3. Fertilizer: In agriculture, ammonium hydroxide is sometimes used as a source of nitrogen in fertilizers. However, more commonly, ammonium hydroxide is used to produce other ammonium-based fertilizers like ammonium nitrate.
4. Water Treatment: It is used in water treatment processes to neutralize certain pollutants and adjust pH levels.
5. Textile Industry: Ammonium hydroxide is used in the textile industry for various purposes, including dyeing and finishing processes.

Ammonium hydroxide is considered hazardous, especially at higher concentrations, and should be handled with care. It releases ammonia gas into the air, which can be irritating to the respiratory system. Proper safety precautions, including ventilation and the use of personal protective equipment, should be followed when handling ammonium hydroxide.

In household use, it is essential to avoid mixing ammonium hydroxide with bleach or other chlorine-containing products, as it can produce toxic chlorine gas. Additionally, when used as a cleaning agent, it is crucial to follow the manufacturer’s instructions and avoid using it on certain surfaces, as it can damage or discolor certain materials.