In anthropology, “arbitrary level” usually refers to a methodological concept in excavation and stratigraphy, not a cultural theory. It describes how archaeologists divide soil layers into artificial units when natural stratigraphy is unclear.

🌍 Definition

• Arbitrary Level: A standardized, artificial excavation unit (often 5–10 cm thick) used when natural soil layers are indistinct or absent.
• Purpose: To maintain control and consistency in recording artifacts, ecofacts, and features during excavation.
• Contrast:
  • Natural Level: Excavation follows visible stratigraphic changes (color, texture, inclusions).
  • Arbitrary Level: Excavation proceeds in uniform slices regardless of visible changes.

🔑 Anthropological Contexts

• Archaeology:
  • Arbitrary levels are common in sites with homogeneous soil where natural stratigraphy is hard to detect.
  • Example: In deep midden deposits or loess soils, archaeologists may excavate in 10 cm arbitrary levels.
• Recording & Provenience:
  • Artifacts are cataloged by arbitrary level to preserve spatial control.
  • Ensures that even without visible strata, data can be analyzed by depth.
• Methodological Debate:
  • Some archaeologists prefer natural levels whenever possible, as arbitrary levels may obscure subtle stratigraphic distinctions.
  • Others argue arbitrary levels provide necessary consistency in complex or disturbed deposits.

📚 Importance in Anthropology

• Data Integrity: Prevents loss of contextual information when natural strata are unclear.
• Comparative Analysis: Allows archaeologists to compare artifact distributions by depth.
• Flexibility: Provides a fallback method when natural stratigraphy cannot be followed.
• Training & Standards: Arbitrary levels are a basic excavation technique taught in field schools.

In short: In anthropology, “arbitrary level” refers to artificial excavation units used when natural stratigraphy is indistinct, ensuring consistent recording of artifacts and provenience.