Borax, also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is a boron compound with the chemical formula Na2B4O7·10H2O. It is a naturally occurring mineral and a white crystalline powder that contains water molecules within its structure.

Key properties and characteristics of borax include:

1. Solubility: Borax is soluble in water, and its aqueous solution is alkaline, giving it mild antiseptic and cleansing properties.
2. Uses: Borax has a wide range of applications, including as a cleaning agent, a mild antiseptic, a buffering agent in various chemical processes, a flux for soldering, and an ingredient in some cosmetics and personal care products.
3. Fire Retardant: Borax can act as a fire retardant and is used in some flame-resistant materials.
4. Insecticide: Borax is used as an insecticide to control pests, particularly ants, fleas, and cockroaches.
5. Laundry Aid: It is sometimes used as a laundry booster to enhance the cleaning power of detergents.
6. Borax Decahydrate: The common form of borax contains 10 water molecules and is known as borax decahydrate (Na2B4O7·10H2O).
7. Toxicity: Borax is generally considered safe for most household and industrial uses, but it should be handled with care. Ingestion or excessive skin contact with borax can cause irritation and toxicity, so it should be kept out of reach of children and pets.

Borax has been used for centuries for various purposes, and its versatility makes it a useful and effective compound in different applications. However, due to its potential toxicity, it is essential to use borax responsibly and follow safety guidelines when handling and storing it.