Ego psychology is a psychological framework that originated from psychoanalytic theory and was developed by psychoanalyst Anna Freud and others. It focuses on the role of the ego, or the conscious aspect of the personality, in mediating between the demands of the id (instinctual drives) and the superego (internalized moral standards). Ego psychology seeks to…

Ecological systems theory, also known as ecological perspective or bioecological theory, is a psychological framework developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner. It emphasizes the complex interplay between individuals and their environment, recognizing that human development is influenced by multiple levels of environmental systems. Key concepts of ecological systems theory include: Microsystem: The microsystem refers to the immediate…

Descriptive psychology is a psychological framework developed by philosopher and psychologist Peter Ossorio. It focuses on understanding and describing the structure and function of psychological phenomena in a systematic and precise manner. Descriptive psychology seeks to provide a comprehensive and rigorous account of human experience, behavior, and mental processes without making assumptions about underlying causes…

Depth psychology is a psychological approach that explores the unconscious aspects of the human psyche, including hidden motivations, conflicts, and desires that influence behavior and experience. It seeks to uncover the deeper layers of the psyche beyond conscious awareness, drawing on concepts such as the unconscious mind, dreams, symbols, and archetypes. Key aspects of depth…

Cognitivism is a psychological approach that emphasizes the role of mental processes, such as perception, memory, thinking, and problem-solving, in shaping behavior and understanding the mind. Unlike behaviorism, which focuses primarily on observable behavior, cognitivism explores the internal cognitive processes that occur between stimuli and responses. Key features of cognitivism include: Focus on Mental Processes:…

Radical behaviorism is a perspective within behaviorism that was developed by B.F. Skinner, an influential psychologist known for his work on operant conditioning and behavior analysis. Radical behaviorism extends the principles of behaviorism to emphasize the role of environmental contingencies in shaping behavior, while also rejecting the use of hypothetical mental constructs to explain behavior.…

Behaviorism is a psychological approach that focuses on observable behaviors and the environmental factors that influence them. It emerged in the early 20th century as a reaction to the introspective methods of structuralism and functionalism, emphasizing the importance of studying behavior objectively and scientifically. Behaviorism views behavior as the result of conditioning processes, where individuals…

Traffic psychology is a specialized field that focuses on understanding the behavior of road users, the factors influencing traffic behavior, and the psychological aspects of road safety. It applies psychological principles and research methods to improve road safety, prevent accidents, and promote responsible driving behavior. Key aspects of traffic psychology include: Driver Behavior and Decision-Making:…

Sport psychology is a specialized field that focuses on applying psychological principles and techniques to enhance athletic performance, optimize physical and mental well-being, and promote personal development in sports and exercise settings. Sport psychologists work with athletes, coaches, teams, and exercisers to improve performance, manage stress, overcome challenges, and achieve peak performance states. Key aspects…

School psychology is a field of psychology that focuses on addressing the academic, social, emotional, and behavioral needs of students within the educational setting. School psychologists work collaboratively with educators, parents, and other professionals to support the development and success of students from early childhood through adolescence. Key aspects of school psychology include: Assessment and…