Central Place Theory is a geographical model developed by Walter Christaller in 1933 to explain the size, number, and distribution of human settlements, showing how towns and cities function as “central places” providing services to surrounding areas.

🌍 Definition

• Central Place Theory (CPT): An urban geographical theory that explains why settlements are located where they are, how large they grow, and what services they provide.
• Core Idea: Settlements exist to provide goods and services to surrounding populations, forming a hierarchy of places from small villages to large cities.

🔑 Key Concepts

• Central Places: Towns or cities that supply services (markets, schools, hospitals) to nearby areas.
• Range: The maximum distance people are willing to travel for a service.
• Threshold: The minimum population needed to support a service.
• Settlement Hierarchy:
  • Hamlets → Villages → Towns → Cities → Metropolises.
• Hexagonal Model: Christaller used hexagons to represent market areas, avoiding gaps or overlaps in service coverage.

📚 Applications in Anthropology & Geography

• Urban Planning: Helps planners understand service distribution and settlement spacing.
• Economic Geography: Explains why certain services (like bakeries) are found in small towns, while specialized services (like universities) cluster in large cities.
• Archaeology: Applied to ancient settlement patterns, showing how trade and services structured communities.
• Comparative Value: Highlights differences between centralized vs. dispersed settlement systems.

In short: Central Place Theory explains how settlements form a hierarchy of service centers, with towns and cities acting as hubs for surrounding populations, structured by range, threshold, and spatial efficiency.