Characterization in anthropology, literature, and science refers to the process of describing, defining, or analyzing the qualities of a person, object, or phenomenon. The meaning shifts depending on the discipline, but the core idea is about identifying distinctive traits and making them intelligible.

🌍 General Definition

• Characterization: The act of describing or analyzing the defining features of something—whether a person, material, or cultural practice.
• Purpose: To make distinctions, highlight identity, and understand function or meaning.

🔑 Contexts Across Disciplines

📖 Literature & Storytelling

• Definition: The creation and development of fictional characters through description, dialogue, and action.
• Types:
  • Direct characterization: Explicitly stating traits.
  • Indirect characterization: Revealing traits through behavior, speech, or interactions.
• Importance: Builds empathy, drives narrative, and conveys themes.

🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Anthropology & Social Sciences

• Definition: The description of cultural practices, social roles, or identities.
• Examples:
  • Characterizing kinship systems (matrilineal vs. patrilineal).
  • Characterizing ritual practices (communal vs. individual).
• Purpose: Helps compare societies and highlight cultural variation.

🧪 Science & Materials

• Definition: Analytical techniques used to determine the properties of materials.
• Examples:
  • Mineral characterization (hardness, crystal structure, chemical composition).
  • Industrial characterization (thermal, mechanical, or electrical properties).
• Purpose: Ensures accurate classification and application of materials.

In short: Characterization is the process of defining traits—whether of characters in literature, cultures in anthropology, or materials in science—making identity and function intelligible.