A dependent variable is the outcome or effect being measured in an experiment or study. It is the variable that is observed to change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

🌍 Definition

• Dependent Variable: The variable whose value depends on changes in another variable (the independent variable).
• Role: It represents the effect, result, or response in a cause-and-effect relationship.
• Measurement: Researchers record the dependent variable to test hypotheses.

🔑 Characteristics

• Responds to Manipulation: Changes when the independent variable is altered.
• Observable/Measurable: Must be quantifiable (e.g., test scores, growth rate, reaction time).
• Outcome-Oriented: Reflects the result of the experimental conditions.
• Contextual: Its meaning depends on the research question and design.

📚 Examples

🧪 Science & Experiments

• Plant Growth Study:
  • Independent variable: Amount of sunlight.
  • Dependent variable: Plant height.
• Psychology Experiment:
  • Independent variable: Hours of sleep.
  • Dependent variable: Memory test performance.

📊 Social Sciences

• Education Research:
  • Independent variable: Teaching method.
  • Dependent variable: Student exam scores.
• Economics:
  • Independent variable: Tax rate.
  • Dependent variable: Consumer spending.

✨ Summary

A dependent variable is the measured outcome in an experiment, reflecting how changes in the independent variable affect results. It is central to hypothesis testing and scientific reasoning.